A foundational model for understanding the nature of knowledge along two fundamental dimensions. The first axis runs from A Priori Knowledge (knowledge independent of experience—math, logic, conceptual truths) to A Posteriori Knowledge (knowledge dependent on experience—empirical facts, scientific observations). The second axis runs from Propositional Knowledge (knowing that—facts, information) to Procedural Knowledge (knowing how—skills, abilities, practices). These two axes create four basic knowledge types: a priori-propositional (mathematical truths), a priori-procedural (knowing how to reason), a posteriori-propositional (scientific facts), a posteriori-procedural (knowing how to ride a bike). The model reveals that "knowledge" isn't one thing—it's a family of cognitive achievements with different sources and different forms.
The 2 Axes of the Knowledge Spectrum "You say you know it. The 2 Axes ask: know that or know how? Know from reason or from experience? Knowing that 2+2=4 is very different from knowing how to ride a bike. Same word, different kinds. The axes help you see that 'knowledge' covers a lot of territory—and treating all knowledge like math is a category error."
by Dumu The Void February 25, 2026
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