Hard Problem of Religion

The inevitable corruption of transcendent experience by institutional power. Religion often begins with a profound, transformative mystical insight or revelation (e.g., the Buddha's enlightenment, Moses at the burning bush). The hard problem is that to preserve and spread this insight, it must be codified into dogma, ritual, and hierarchy—an institution. The institution then inevitably becomes invested in its own survival, power, and social control, often betraying the very transformative, anti-establishment spirit that founded it. The container ends up worshipped instead of the contents.

Example: Jesus overturns the money-changers' tables in the temple, criticizing rigid legalism. Centuries later, the selling of papal indulgences (paying for forgiveness) becomes standard practice in the institution bearing his name. The hard problem: The spiritual "virus" needs a social "host" to spread, but the host's immune system (bureaucracy, dogma, politics) eventually attacks the virus. You can't have organized religion without organization, but organization seems to kill the religious spark. The result is often empty ritual, inquisitions, and wealth accumulation—the exact opposites of the founder's stated goals. Hard Problem of Religion.

by Enkigal January 24, 2026

Hard Problem of Spirituality

The problem of infinite subjectivity. Spirituality emphasizes personal, direct experience of the sacred, bypassing dogma. The hard problem is that without any shared framework, criteria, or authority, every subjective feeling, dream, or intuition becomes self-validating. This leads to a marketplace of infinite, contradictory truths: one person's chakra alignment is another's demonic oppression. There is no way to distinguish profound connection from psychological projection, mental illness, or simple wishful thinking. Spirituality risks becoming a narcissistic pursuit where "what feels true to me" is the only standard, making meaningful community or discernment impossible.

Example: Two spiritual seekers meet. One says, "I channel the angel Michael who says we must live in harmony." The other says, "My ayahuasca journey revealed we must conquer our lower selves through strife." Who's right? There's no court of appeal beyond personal conviction. The hard problem: Spirituality seeks the ultimate Truth but dismantles all tools for verifying truth claims. It's like trying to map a continent where every explorer's subjective feeling becomes their own geography. You end up with a million private religions, each sovereign and unquestionable, rendering the concept of a shared spiritual reality meaningless. Hard Problem of Spirituality.

by Enkigal January 24, 2026

Hard Problem of Metaphysics

The problem of its own possibility. Metaphysics seeks to describe the fundamental nature of reality (being, time, causality, objects). The hard problem is that any such description must be made from within reality, using a human mind, which is a product of that reality. We are like cells in a body trying to describe human anatomy from the inside, using only cellular language. Our concepts (like "cause" or "substance") may be projections of our cognitive architecture, not features of the world-in-itself. Therefore, metaphysics may tell us more about how human minds must think than about how reality must be.

*Example: A metaphysician argues brilliantly that time is an illusion, a block universe. But they still must make their dinner reservation for 7 PM, live with the anxiety of deadlines, and experience the undeniable flow of their own consciousness. The hard problem: The metaphysical theory, even if logically coherent, is existentially inert. It cannot be lived. This suggests metaphysics may be an elaborate, self-consistent language game, decoupled from the reality it purports to explain. We are building castles of abstraction on a foundation (our own perception) we cannot inspect without using the very tools we're inspecting.* Hard Problem of Metaphysics.

by Enkigal January 24, 2026

Hard Problem of Reality

The terrifying gap between the world as it appears to our senses/consciousness and the world as it might be "in itself." Our entire reality is a user-interface generated by our brains—a simplified, species-specific model optimized for survival, not truth. The hard problem is that we are forever locked inside this simulation, with no way to peek at the source code. Even our most objective instruments (telescopes, particle colliders) just feed data back into our perceptual and cognitive interface. We can never know if we're describing the "real" reality or just the next layer of a nested simulation. The map is all we have; the territory is permanently off-limits.

*Example: You see a "solid" wooden table. Physics tells you it's 99.9999999% empty space, a quantum cloud of vibrating fields. Which is the real table? The useful, evolved illusion of solidity, or the counter-intuitive mathematical description? Both are models in your mind. The hard problem: We can swap out one model for a better one (Newtonian for Quantum), but we can never discard modeling altogether to see the "thing itself." Reality is the one guest at the party who can never be directly perceived, only inferred from the reactions of others.* Hard Problem of Reality.

by Enkigal January 24, 2026

Hard Problem of Truth

The self-referential paradox of defining truth without being circular. The classic definition is "correspondence with reality." But to check if a statement corresponds to reality, you must already have access to that reality, which is the very thing in question (see: Hard Problem of Reality). All other theories of truth collapse into relativism (coherence: "true if it fits our other beliefs") or pragmatism ("true if it works"), which abandon the commonsense notion of an objective, mind-independent truth. The hard problem is that the concept of truth seems necessary for rational discourse, yet any attempt to ground it leads either to infinite regress or a dogmatic stopping point.

Example: The statement "Gravity pulls objects toward Earth's center." How do we know it's true? We point to evidence (falling apples, orbital mechanics). But that evidence is only valid if we assume our senses and instruments reliably report reality (a truth claim itself). We trust the instruments because of physics (another set of truth claims). The chain never touches bedrock. The hard problem: Truth is the anchor of thought, but the anchor is hooked to the boat it's supposed to be securing. We sail on an ocean of justified beliefs, never dropping anchor in the seafloor of absolute truth. Hard Problem of Truth.

by Enkigal January 24, 2026

Hard Problem of Objectivity

The myth of the view from nowhere. True objectivity would require a disembodied, ahistorical, bias-free perspective completely outside the system being observed. This is impossible for humans. Every observation is made by a situated observer with a body, a language, a culture, and a set of prior beliefs. The hard problem is that while we can approach objectivity through methods (blinding, controls, peer review), we can never fully attain it. The ideal of pure objectivity may be a necessary regulative ideal for science and ethics, but it is also a philosophical phantom.

Example: A journalist aims to report "objectively" on a political protest. But their choice of which quotes to feature, which images to show, and even the word "protest" (vs. "riot" or "demonstration") reflects a subjective framework. The hard problem: Striving for objectivity is crucial, but claiming to have achieved it is often a power move—a way of dismissing other perspectives as "subjective" or "biased." True objectivity might be the process of continually acknowledging and correcting for subjectivity, not its elimination. Hard Problem of Objectivity.

by Enkigal January 24, 2026

Hard Problem of Things

The metaphysical puzzle of individuation: What makes a "thing" a distinct, bounded object? At the quantum level, boundaries are fuzzy. At the cosmic level, everything is connected by fields and forces. Our everyday world of discrete objects (trees, cars, people) is a cognitive carving of a continuous reality. The hard problem is that "thingness" is not a fundamental property of the universe, but a useful fiction imposed by our minds. Where does a mountain end and the valley begin? At what point do the cells from your lunch become "you"? We live in a universe of processes, but we think in terms of nouns.

Example: Is a "chair" a thing? Or is it a temporary arrangement of wood molecules, soon to be kindling or dust? Its identity as a "chair" depends entirely on its function relative to a human sitter. The hard problem: The world doesn't come pre-sliced into things. We do the slicing based on our needs, language, and perception. This makes "things" profoundly relational and unstable. A physicist, an artist, and an ant would carve the same patch of reality into entirely different sets of "things." Hard Problem of Things.

by Enkigal January 24, 2026