The 4 Axes of the Knowledge Spectrum

An expanded model adding two crucial dimensions to the basic framework. Axis 1: A Priori-A Posteriori (reason vs. experience). Axis 2: Propositional-Procedural (that vs. how). Axis 3: Personal-Communal (knowledge held by individuals vs. knowledge stored in communities). Axis 4: Explicit-Tacit (knowledge you can state vs. knowledge you can't articulate). These four axes create sixteen knowledge types. Scientific knowledge is a posteriori, propositional, communal (scientific community knows), explicit (published). Cultural knowledge is a posteriori, procedural (knowing how to navigate a culture), communal, tacit (you just know how things work). The 4 Axes reveal that debates about knowledge often confuse these dimensions—dismissing tacit knowledge because it's not explicit, or communal knowledge because it's not personal.

The 4 Axes of the Knowledge Spectrum "You say you can't prove what you know. The 4 Axes ask: what kind of knowledge? Tacit knowledge can't be proved—that's its nature. Procedural knowledge is shown, not stated. Communal knowledge is distributed, not owned. The axes help you see that demanding explicit propositional proof for all knowledge is like demanding a fish to climb a tree."

by Dumu The Void February 25, 2026

The 6 Axes of the Knowledge Spectrum

A comprehensive model adding dimensions of certainty and access. Axis 1: A Priori-A Posteriori. Axis 2: Propositional-Procedural. Axis 3: Personal-Communal. Axis 4: Explicit-Tacit. Axis 5: Certain-Fallible (knowledge that can't be wrong vs. knowledge that might be mistaken). Axis 6: Direct-Inferential (known directly vs. known through reasoning). These six axes generate sixty-four knowledge positions. Mathematical knowledge is a priori, propositional, personal (when learned), explicit, certain (in ideal), inferential (proved). Perceptual knowledge is a posteriori, propositional, personal, explicit (usually), fallible, direct. The 6 Axes reveal that different kinds of knowledge have different epistemic statuses—certainty isn't the same for all.

The 6 Axes of the Knowledge Spectrum "You demand certainty. The 6 Axes ask: what kind of knowledge? Math can be certain (maybe). Perceptual knowledge can't—that's not its function. Certainty is a feature of some knowledge types, not a requirement for all. The axes help you see that demanding certainty from empirical knowledge is asking for the wrong thing."

by Dumu The Void February 25, 2026

The 8 Axes of the Knowledge Spectrum

A detailed model adding dimensions of subject matter and value. Axis 1: A Priori-A Posteriori. Axis 2: Propositional-Procedural. Axis 3: Personal-Communal. Axis 4: Explicit-Tacit. Axis 5: Certain-Fallible. Axis 6: Direct-Inferential. Axis 7: Empirical-Conceptual (knowledge of facts vs. knowledge of concepts/meanings). Axis 8: Instrumental-Intrinsic (knowledge for use vs. knowledge for its own sake). These eight axes create 256 knowledge positions. Scientific knowledge is a posteriori, propositional, communal, explicit, fallible, inferential, empirical, both instrumental and intrinsic. Philosophical knowledge is often a priori, propositional, personal (though debated), explicit, fallible (or certain in some views), inferential, conceptual, intrinsic. The 8 Axes demonstrate that knowledge isn't just about truth—it's about purpose, subject, and value.

The 8 Axes of the Knowledge Spectrum "You say knowledge is just facts. The 8 Axes ask: facts about what? Empirical facts (science) or conceptual facts (philosophy)? Facts for use (engineering) or for understanding (pure math)? The axes show that 'facts' are as varied as knowledge itself. Treating all knowledge as empirical facts for use is like treating all food as protein bars—nutritionally reductive and spiritually empty."

by Dumu The Void February 25, 2026

The 12 Axes of the Knowledge Spectrum

An ultra-fine-grained model adding dimensions of justification, reliability, and social context. Building on the 8 Axes, we add: Axis 9: Justified-Unjustified (knowledge requires justification vs. reliable process suffices). Axis 10: Internalist-Externalist (justification depends on internal reasons vs. external reliability). Axis 11: Individualist-Social (knowledge is individual achievement vs. fundamentally social). Axis 12: Universal-Particular (knowledge of general truths vs. knowledge of specific facts). These twelve axes generate 4096 knowledge positions. Traditional epistemology (Plato's justified true belief) is internalist (reasons matter), individualist (the knower knows), and applies to both universal and particular. Reliabilist epistemology is externalist (reliable process suffices), individualist, universal and particular. Social epistemology is social (knowledge is communal achievement), externalist often, universal and particular. The 12 Axes reveal that debates about what knowledge is—justified true belief? reliable process? social achievement?—are debates about which axes matter most.

The 12 Axes of the Knowledge Spectrum "You think knowledge is justified true belief. The 12 Axes ask: justified internally (by reasons) or externally (by reliability)? Individually or socially? Universal or particular? Plato's definition assumes answers—internalist, individualist, both universal and particular. But externalists and social epistemologists disagree. The axes show that 'knowledge' is contested because different epistemologists make different choices on these axes—not because they're confused, but because knowledge itself is multidimensional."

by Dumu The Void February 25, 2026

The 16 Axes of the Knowledge Spectrum

The ultimate model, adding the final dimensions of scope, certainty, and the epistemic subject. Building on the 12 Axes, we add: Axis 13: Defeasible-Indefeasible (knowledge can be overturned vs. immune to revision). Axis 14: Absolute-Relative (knowledge holds for all vs. relative to framework). Axis 15: Human-Transhuman (knowledge accessible to humans vs. beyond human capacity). Axis 16: Finite-Infinite (knowledge is bounded vs. potentially infinite). These sixteen axes generate 65,536 potential positions—enough to capture every epistemological theory, every conception of knowledge, every debate about what it means to know. The 16 Axes of the Knowledge Spectrum reveal that knowledge is not a simple concept but a multidimensional space of possibilities. The 16 Axes don't tell you which conception of knowledge is correct—they give you a language for understanding what any knowledge claim involves, what it assumes, and how it relates to other kinds of knowing. They are the map of the space of human understanding—the periodic table of epistemology itself.

The 16 Axes of the Knowledge Spectrum "You want to know what knowledge is. The 16 Axes answer: it depends. For a scientist, knowledge is a posteriori, propositional, communal, explicit, fallible, inferential, empirical, instrumental, justified, externalist, social, particular, defeasible, relative, human, finite. For a mathematician, it's a priori, propositional, personal, explicit, certain, inferential, conceptual, intrinsic, justified, internalist, individualist, universal, indefeasible, absolute, human, infinite. For a mystic, it's experiential, procedural/tacit, personal, tacit, certain (to them), direct, both, intrinsic, justified by experience, externalist (experience is reliable), individualist, particular, defeasible (to others), relative, human, finite. Same word, sixteen axes of difference. The axes don't define knowledge—they give you the language to ask what anyone means by it. And that's the most profound knowledge of all."

by Dumu The Void February 25, 2026