Spectral Variables (Social Sciences and Humanities)

The foundational insight that studying human meaning, culture, and society requires attending to the ghosts that quantitative methods miss. These spectral variables include historical trauma that shapes community responses, unspoken power dynamics in an interview, the researcher's own positionality relative to those studied, the language gaps that lose meaning in translation, and the silenced voices that never make it into the archive. In social sciences and humanities, spectral variables aren't noise to be eliminated—they're the signal, or at least the key to understanding what the signal means. Good humanistic research maps the ghosts rather than pretending they aren't there.

Spectral Variables (Social Sciences and Humanities) "Your survey data shows 80% satisfaction. But the Spectral Variables tell a different story: people were afraid to be honest with government researchers, the translator softened critical responses, and the community's historical experience with surveys made them tell you what they thought you wanted. Your data is accurate and completely wrong—haunted by ghosts you never asked about."

by Abzugal Nammugal Enkigal February 23, 2026

Spectral Variables (Natural and Exact Sciences)

Even in the hardest sciences—physics, chemistry, mathematics—spectral variables operate, though they're often harder to see. They include the material history of your equipment (was that laser calibrated correctly?), the human factors in "exact" measurements (who read the dial and were they squinting?), the theoretical assumptions baked into your instruments (your detector is built on theories that might be wrong), and the metaphysical commitments that shape what questions seem worth asking (why this phenomenon and not that one?). The natural sciences achieve their precision not by eliminating spectral variables—impossible—but by developing elaborate rituals to keep the ghosts at bay, knowing they can never fully succeed.

Spectral Variables (Natural and Exact Sciences) "You think particle physics is pure? Every result is haunted by Spectral Variables: the grad students keeping the detector running on three hours of sleep, the funding decisions that prioritized some experiments over others, the theoretical biases in your data analysis software. The numbers are exact; the ghosts are infinite."

by Abzugal Nammugal Enkigal February 23, 2026

Critical Science

Science that explicitly incorporates critique into its practice—not just doing science, but constantly questioning its own assumptions, methods, and implications. Critical Science asks: who benefits? Who's excluded? What are we not seeing? How might our findings cause harm? It's science that has internalized its social responsibility, that knows knowledge is power and acts accordingly. Not science plus ethics as an afterthought, but science that builds ethical questioning into its very methodology.

"We could build this technology, but Critical Science asks: should we? Who will it harm? Who won't have access? What problems might it create? It's not stopping science—it's doing science with eyes open, knowing that 'can' doesn't imply 'should.'"

by Abzugal February 23, 2026

Critical Sciences

An umbrella term for scientific fields that have developed explicit critical traditions examining their own assumptions, methods, and social implications. Critical psychology questions its normalizing function. Critical geography examines how space produces power. Critical neuroscience asks who benefits from brain research. These aren't separate fields but self-aware versions of existing disciplines—sciences that have taken the critical turn and incorporated reflexivity into their core practice.

"Mainstream economics assumes rational actors and efficient markets. Critical Economics asks: whose rationality? Whose efficiency? Who benefits from these assumptions? Critical Sciences are what happen when a discipline grows up and starts questioning its own premises."

by Abzugal February 23, 2026

Critical Social Sciences

The application of critical theory to the study of society: examining how power, ideology, and social structures shape human life, and how knowledge about society can serve emancipatory interests. Critical Social Sciences don't just describe society—they critique it, revealing oppression, exposing ideology, and working toward transformation. Sociology, anthropology, political science, and economics, when done critically, become tools for understanding and changing unjust structures, not just documenting them.

"Your study describes inequality, but Critical Social Sciences ask: why does it exist? Who benefits? How could it be different? Description without critique is just photography of a car crash—interesting but useless to the victims."

by Abzugal February 23, 2026

Critical Cognitive Sciences

The application of critical theory to the study of mind and brain: examining how cognitive science's assumptions, methods, and findings are shaped by cultural context, power relations, and social structures. Critical Cognitive Science asks: whose mind is being studied? Whose brain counts as "normal"? How do cognitive categories (intelligence, rationality, mental illness) serve social control? It's cognitive science forced to confront that minds don't exist in a vacuum—they're shaped by, and shape, the social world.

"Your study defines 'rationality' in Western terms and finds Western subjects more rational. Critical Cognitive Sciences asks: what if you defined rationality differently? What if your 'universal' mind is actually a specific cultural product? Your findings aren't wrong—they're just less universal than you think."

by Abzugal February 23, 2026